An arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is an abnormal connection between an artery and a vein, bypassing the capillary system. This can occur congenitally, post-trauma, or as a result of vascular malformations. Nodules may develop along vessels due to localized dilation or tissue proliferation. AVFs and nodules can lead to altered blood flow, increased venous pressure, and compression of surrounding neural or soft tissue structures. In the brain or spinal cord, these lesions increase the risk of hemorrhage, seizures, neurological deficits, or progressive weakness. Early detection and evaluation are critical to prevent complications and preserve neurological function.
Diagnosis begins with a thorough neurological examination and advanced imaging studies such as MRI, CT angiography, and digital subtraction angiography (DSA). These tools accurately define the lesion’s size, location, feeding arteries, and draining veins. Functional imaging may help assess the risk to surrounding brain or spinal tissue. Comprehensive assessment guides treatment planning to ensure safe and effective management.
Treatment depends on the lesion’s type, location, and severity. Options include microsurgical resection, endovascular embolization, or a combination of both. Endovascular procedures use catheters to block abnormal blood flow, while microsurgery removes the fistula or nodule directly. The goal is to prevent rupture, relieve neurological symptoms, and restore normal vascular function while minimizing risks to adjacent structures.
Post-treatment care involves monitoring neurological function, managing complications, and gradual resumption of daily activities. Rehabilitation may include physiotherapy, occupational therapy, or cognitive support depending on deficits. Follow-up imaging ensures complete obliteration and early detection of recurrence. Structured postoperative care promotes recovery, restores function, and enhances overall quality of life.
Dr. Vamsi Krishna, Consultant Neurosurgeon at Yashoda Hospitals, Hitech City, Hyderabad, specializes in complex cerebrovascular disorders. His expertise in microsurgical and endovascular techniques ensures precise, safe, and effective treatment, optimal neurological preservation, and excellent long-term outcomes, making him a trusted specialist for AV fistula and nodule management.
