Medulloblastoma is a malignant, fast-growing brain tumor that primarily affects the cerebellum in children, though it can occasionally occur in adults. It originates from primitive neuroectodermal cells and has the potential to spread through cerebrospinal fluid to other parts of the brain and spine. Symptoms often include headaches, nausea, vomiting, balance and coordination problems, and changes in behavior or cognitive function. Early detection is critical, as untreated tumors can rapidly compromise neurological function and overall development. Pediatric neurosurgeons focus on precise surgical removal while minimizing damage to surrounding brain structures, ensuring both survival and functional preservation. Medulloblastoma management typically involves a multidisciplinary approach, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, tailored to the child’s age, tumor subtype, and overall health.
Diagnosis involves a thorough neurological examination, assessment of symptoms, and advanced imaging. MRI is the gold standard, providing detailed information about tumor size, location, and spread through the cerebrospinal fluid. CT scans may be used in emergencies to detect hydrocephalus or mass effect. Lumbar puncture is sometimes performed to assess CSF dissemination. Molecular and histopathological analysis following biopsy helps classify tumor subtype and predict prognosis. Accurate diagnosis and careful assessment guide individualized surgical planning and adjuvant therapy, optimizing both survival and neurological outcomes.
Surgery is the primary treatment for medulloblastoma, aiming for maximal safe resection of the tumor. Techniques include microsurgery and endoscope-assisted approaches to access the cerebellum while minimizing trauma to critical brain structures. In some cases, minimally invasive procedures are used to relieve hydrocephalus caused by tumor obstruction. Postoperative care includes close monitoring of neurological function and preparation for adjunct therapies like chemotherapy or radiotherapy. The objective is complete tumor removal while preserving balance, coordination, and cognitive function.
Recovery from medulloblastoma surgery involves close neurological monitoring, supportive care, and structured rehabilitation. Physiotherapy helps restore coordination and balance, while occupational therapy addresses fine motor skills. Cognitive rehabilitation supports learning and memory, and counseling aids emotional well-being. Regular follow-up imaging ensures no residual tumor and monitors for recurrence. Long-term care emphasizes healthy growth, development, and integration into normal daily activities. With comprehensive rehabilitation, children can regain independence and maintain quality of life post-treatment.
Dr. Vamsi Krishna, Consultant Neurosurgeon at Yashoda Hospitals, Hitech City, Hyderabad, specializes in pediatric brain tumors, including medulloblastoma. His expertise in microsurgical, endoscopic, and minimally invasive techniques, combined with individualized care, ensures maximal tumor removal, neurological preservation, and improved survival and developmental outcomes, making him a trusted specialist for medulloblastoma management.
